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65th IFLA Council and General |
TABLE I -- FAO HISTORIC Milestones: 1996 -- FAO hosts 194 Heads of State or Government at World Food Summit in November to discuss and combat world hunger. 1995 -- FAO celebrates its 50th birthday 1991 -- International Plant Protection Convention is ratified with 92 signatories 1986 -- AGROSTAT, the world's most comprehensive source of agricultural information and statistics goes operational 1981 -- The first World Food Day observed on 16 October by more than 150 countries 1980 -- FAO concludes 56 agreements for the appointment of FAO Representatives in developing member countries 1976 -- FAO's Technical Cooperation Programme established to afford greater flexibility in responding to urgent situations 1974 -- UN World Food Conference in Rome recommends the adoption of an International Undertaking on World Food Security 1962 -- The FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission established to set international food standards becomes operational 1960 -- Freedom from Hunger Campaign launched to mobilize non-governmental support 1951 -- FAO headquarters moved to Rome from Washington, DC 1945 -- First session of FAO Conference, Quebec City, Canada, establishes FAO as a specialized United Nations agency 1943 -- Forty-four governments, meeting in Hot Springs, Virginia, United States, commit themselves to founding a permanent organization for food and agriculture |
Today, FAO has 175 Member Nations plus the EC (Member Organization) and more than 4,300 staff members around the world. Following recent efforts to decentralize, FAO's staff includes almost 2,300 people at Headquarters and more than 2 ,000 working at decentralized offices and field projects. The Organization's 1998-1999 biennial budget is set at $650 million and FAO-assisted projects attract more than $3 billion per year from donor agencies and governments for investment in agricultural and rural development projects.
Representatives from governments of each of the 175 member nations review the programmes and achievements of the Organization, annually, through the 49 member FAO representative Council and every two yearsthrough the FAO Conference. At this Conference, and at the Committee and Council sessions preceding it, each member country has the right to question, make observations and to vote on whether or not the budget and the programme are acceptable. While all votes are of equal value, assessments are not. A member nation supports the work of the Organization with an annual assessment proportionate to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
FAO establishes its plan of work based on its Constitution with the ongoing guidance and approval of its member nations through the Conference and the Council. The responsibilities expressed in the Constitution are carried out through agricultural development assistance whereby FAO gives practical help to developing countries through a wide range of technical assistance projects, through the provision of information and support services, through the provision of advice to governments and through the role of acting as a neutral forum for promoting further action and development.
FAO is active in land and water development, plant and animal production, forestry, fisheries, economic and social policy, investment, nutrition, food standards and commodities and trade. It also plays a major role in dealing with food and agricultural emergencies. A specific priority of the Organization is encouraging sustainable agriculture and rural development, a long-term strategy for the conservation and management of natural resources to meet the needs of both present and future generations through programmes that do not degrade the environment and are technically appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable.
Figure 4
SCHEMATIC OF CONSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND SERVICES
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization. The Director-General's Programme of Work and Budget, 1998-99.
The Organization usually takes one of three roles and documents activities and results in detail: i) implementing its own programme; ii) executing a programme on behalf of other agencies and international donors; or, iii) providing advice and management assistance to national projects. Consensus by client member governments in the objectives and functioning of the Organization is a key to success. This consensus is achieved through the efforts of the Food and Agriculture Organization staff serving as Country Representatives in the specific country as well as the result of consultation and involvement of the Permanent Representatives normally stationed by each country in Rome.
Development And Development Assistance
Development and development assistance in agriculture is defined as providing the practical help to farmers in developing countries to make their farms more productive and efficient, now and in the future. This is done by training and funding for a broad range of sustainable agriculture practices and rural development initiatives [FAO website. http://www.fao.org]. In turn this provides an essential foundation for improving the nutrition, food security and standard of living of millions of people living in developing countries. A broad range of skills is needed to carry out a project effectively and all of the participants have roles to play. One example of such a multidisciplinary programme is that of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Similarly, another multidisciplinary sustainable project is that of aquaculture in southern Africa, managed by the Fisheries Department, and a number of projects from land tenure to access to funding for women in development, managed by the Sustainable Development Department. [FAO website. http://www.fao.org]
In sustainable agricultural development, the Food and Agriculture Organization gives practical help to developing countries through a wide range of technical assistance projects using an integrated approach. Environmental, social and economic considerations are included in the formulation of development projects. In some areas, for example, particular combinations of crops can improve agricultural productivity, provide a source of fuelwood for local villagers, improve soil fertility and reduce the impact of erosion. By combining scientific procedures and at the same time encouraging people's participation, FAO technical experts draw on local expertise to cooperate in their development activities. New skills, ideas and technologies can thus be introduced in a sustainable way to rural communities. Keys to success are support of member governments, a presence in the developing countries and having a technically qualified staff.
Another key to success is the breadth of products and country coverage. On average, the FAO has some 1,800 field projects operating at any one time, ranging from integrated land management projects to policy and planning advice for governments in areas as diverse as forestry programmes and marketing strategies. Although the Food and Agriculture Organization's budgets are too limited to support these activities, FAO's Investment Centre assists developing countries in formulating investment projects in agricultural and rural development. [FAO website. http://www.fao.org]
Information and Support Services
Information services are defined as the broad range of relevant scientific, research and statistical information collected and aggregated by the Organization being made available fairly and equitably to all member nations. Support services encompasses the full spectrum of information collection and dissemination, from creation and aggregation of information in various relevant computer databases to production of various outputs, from CD-ROM and Internet products to a decreasing number of printed publications. [Food and Agriculture Organization. Programme Implementation Report, 1996-97]. Knowledge of relevant new methodologies is a vital tool for development. Scientific and technological advances have brought unprecedented changes to agriculture and food production. A key to success is the technical expertise of the Food and Agriculture Organization staff who take a lead role in transferring this information and related skills to the developing countries.
In addition to encouraging the direct transfer of skills and technology through field projects, FAO undertakes a variety of information and support services. Computer databases are maintained on topics ranging from fish marketing information to trade and production statistics and records of current agricultural research. The FAO's Geographic Information System (GIS) provides data on soils, vegetation cover and other aspects of land use. Satellite imagery is among the many tools used by the Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS) to monitor conditions affecting food production and to alert governments and donors to any potential threats. The information gathered by the FAO is made available through publications, videos, filmstrips and computer disks. A key to success is being able to provide technical information and data in a number of formats.
The Food and Agriculture Organization's information activities also include grassroots communication programmes that reach rural people directly, encouraging community awareness and action on agricultural and environmental issues. Public information campaigns address major issues at a broader level.
FAO's Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS) monitors the crop and food outlook at global and national levels to detect emerging food shortages and assess possible emergency food requirements. Since its inception in 1975, the System, in addition to its regular reports, has issued 338 Special Alerts/Reports to the international community on the deteriorating food supply prospects in various parts of the world.
The System issued warnings of developing drought in southern Africa in 1991/92 and again in 1994/95, some 3-4 months in advance of the harvest. In 1987, GIEWS issued an Alert three months ahead of the harvest on the poor performance of the south-west monsoon in Asia and its implications for regional food supplies. This enabled several countries to make critical decisions on imports and food stocks.
FAOSTAT is another support service, providing an on-line and multilingual database currently containing over 1 million time-series records covering international statistics in the following areas:
Production Trade Food Balance Sheets Food Aid Shipments Fertilizer and Pesticides |
Land Use and Irrigation Forest Products Fishery Products Population Agricultural Machinery |
Development assistance in agriculture means providing the practical help to farmers in developing countries to make their farms more productive and efficient, now and in the future.
This means fostering sustainable agriculture and rural development to provide an essential foundation for improving the nutrition, food security and standard of living of millions of people living in developing countries.
In addition to ensuring adequate food, it creates employment and generates income through farming, processing and distribution sectors and contributes to overall national development. FAO promotes development that provides long-term solutions to the fundamental problems of poverty and hunger.
Examples of development assistance:
The phrase 'Advice to Governments' refers to FAO's roles in developing and promoting international standards for food and agriculture and in the provision of sound agricultural and policy advice. Agriculture is one of the foundations of national development because it helps feed a nation's population, provides employment and income and can prove a crucial source of foreign exchange earnings.
FAO works with governments to promote agricultural and rural development and to foster international cooperation on issues such as food standards, fair trade, environmental management and the conservation of genetic resources. FAO gives independent advice on agricultural policy and planning, on the administrative and legal structures needed for development and on ways of ensuring that national strategies are directed towards rural development and the alleviation of poverty.
The Field staff are critical in providing advice at the national level. FAO has Country Representatives covering more than 100 developing countries, providing a direct link to the Organization's resources. FAO also sends missions, often in conjunction with other agencies, to assess resources, offer advice on management strategies, review development programmes and assist in dealing with emergencies.
FAO's mediation at the international level has resulted in a number of intergovernmental agreements, such as the International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources and the World Soil Charter. The Organization works to improve regional coordination, particularly in the management of shared resources - supporting the Amazonian Cooperation Treaty, for example. Through theTechnical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC), the Organization's programme for technical cooperation among developing countries, FAO identifies opportunities for countries to share expertise.
A neutral forum refers to the provision of an impartial meeting place for members of the nations of the world, where matters of concern to agriculture and food can be discussed without fear of serious repercussions and conflicts. Such international cooperation is essential for meeting global, regional and national development goals. Shared resources and responsibilities require coordinated management strategies and FAO documents and reports on all initiatives.
FAO's role as a neutral forum is also closely related to its role as an adviser to governments. Five specialist committees - on commodities, fisheries, forestry, agriculture and world food security - advise the FAO interim governing body, the Council, on current trends and suggest practical management strategies in their fields of expertise.
The Council, in turn, reports to the FAO Conference, the Organization's supreme governing body. Through the Conference, Member Nations contribute to debate and participate in policy formulation of major food and agriculture issues. Member Nations meeting at the Council commit themselves to supporting developmental initiatives, such as the World Food Security Compact and the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides.
This brief summary has, it is hoped, described and illustrated the persuasive and pervasive nature of the inter-governmental organisations. Promoting human health, development and dignity, focusing on peace, the United Nations and its agencies are having a net positive effect, influencing increasingly every individual in every walk of life. Given the observation that the structure of the organisations is sustainable, one can predict a continuing and growing influence in the years to come.
Collaboration and co-operation is a key to success within the present United Nations structure. Waste and unnecessary expenditure cannot be tolerated. Member governments are continuously alert for ways to achieve greater efficiencies and expect the same vigilance from the inter-governmental bodies. Within specific disciplines collaboration has allowed great achievements. One specific example among many is the success of Codex Alimentarius, the set of international food standards jointly prepared by the WHO and FAO. These standards help achieve the objectives of both Organizations for they allow maintenance of health and nutritional standards and facilitate international agricultural trade.
Within the information and knowledge management domains, interagency task forces have addressed joint and collaborative projects. Together, the members of the Task Force on Library Management and Standards have created a union web-based database of the depository libraries of the United Nations and the agencies. They have defined best practices, formats and a common carrier for a shared bibliographic and full text link database which currently covers seven agencies and is being extended to others. The phased implementation of the Z39.50 standard will allow greater flexibility. They are also working towards a common metadata indexing scheme to facilitate multi-agency search and retrieval. In the regions, practical ways of collaboration and co-operation are also being sought. One can see the many knowledge-based and economic advantages of these directions and predict that this trend will continue.
Knowledge management has been the favorite phrase of the last decade of this century. As technology evolves to encompass and actualize the vision, undoubtedly it will shape the decades to come. Given the investment in infrastructure now taking place in the developing world, the great technological advances are predicted to take place in these regions. These are the regions also which will have greater percentages of young and energetic populations and the focus of the multinational enterprises, intergovernmental collaboration and non-profit organisations will combine to transform the economies and promote development and expansion. Technologies will evolve to foster distance learning, multilingual communications and true knowledge management, assisting in the economic and social development process. As we work towards making this utopia a reality, we will need to capitalize upon every resource and utilize every inspiration to bridge the gap.
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